Supplemental Facts
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Tablet - Servings Per Container: 30
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 Vitamin A
Vitamin
A is a fat-soluble vitamin with four major functions in the body: (1)
It helps cells reproduce normally—a process called differentiation
(cells that have not properly differentiated are more likely to undergo
pre-cancerous changes). (2) It is required for vision; vitamin A
maintains healthy cells in various structures of the eye and is
required for the transduction of light into nerve signals in the
retina. (3) It is required for normal growth and development of the
embryo and fetus, influencing genes that determine the sequential
development of organs in embryonic development. (4) It may be required
for normal reproductive function, with influences on the function and
development of sperm, ovaries and placenta. « back »
Vitamin C
Evidence indicates that vitamin C levels in the eye decrease with age6
and that supplementing with vitamin C prevents this decrease, possibly
leading to a lower risk of developing cataracts. Healthy people have
been reported in some, but not all, studies to be more likely to take
vitamin C and vitamin E supplements than are people with cataracts.
Vitamin C has been reported to reduce activity of the enzyme, aldose
reductase, in people. Aldose reductase is the enzyme responsible for
accumulation of sorbitol in eyes, nerves, and kidneys of people with
diabetes. This accumulation is believed to be responsible for
deterioration of these parts of the body associated with diabetes.
Therefore, interference with the activity of aldose reductase
theoretically helps protect people with diabetes. Vitamin C may help
protect the body against accumulation or retention of the toxic
mineral, lead. In one preliminary study, people with higher blood
levels of vitamin C had much lower risk of having excessive blood
levels of lead. In a controlled trial, male smokers with moderate to
high levels of lead received supplements of 1,000 mg per day of vitamin
C, 200 mg per day of vitamin C, or a placebo. Only those people taking
1,000 mg per day of vitamin C experienced a drop in the blood lead
levels, but the reduction in this group was dramatic. « back »
Vitamin D
The fat-soluble vitamin D’s most important role is maintaining blood
levels of calcium, which it accomplishes by increasing absorption of
calcium from food and reducing urinary calcium loss. Both effects keep
calcium in the body and therefore spare the calcium that is stored in
bones. When necessary, vitamin D transfers calcium from the bone into
the bloodstream, which does not benefit bones. Although the overall
effect of vitamin D on the bones is complicated, some vitamin D is
necessary for healthy bones and teeth. Vitamin D plays a role in
immunity and blood cell formation and also helps cells
"differentiate"—a process that may reduce the risk of cancer. From
animal and human studies, researchers have hypothesized that vitamin D
may protect people from multiple sclerosis, autoimmune arthritis, and
juvenile diabetes. Vitamin D is also needed for adequate blood levels
of insulin. Vitamin D receptors have been found in the pancreas where
insulin is made, and preliminary evidence suggests that supplementation
may increase insulin secretion for some people with adult-onset (type
2) diabetes.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cell membranes and other
fat-soluble parts of the body, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL;
“bad” cholesterol) cholesterol, from damage. Only when LDL is damaged
does cholesterol appear to lead to heart disease, and vitamin E is an
important antioxidant protector of LDL.1 Several studies, including two
double-blind trials, have reported that 400 to 800 IU of natural
vitamin E per day reduces the risk of heart attacks. Other recent
double-blind trials have found either limited benefit6 or no benefit at
all from supplementation with synthetic vitamin E. One of the negative
trials used 400 IU of natural vitamin E8 —a similar amount and form to
previous successful trials. In attempting to make sense of these
apparently inconsistent findings, the following is clear: less than 400
IU of synthetic vitamin E, even when taken for years, does not protect
against heart disease. Whether 400 to 800 IU of natural vitamin E is,
or is not, protective remains unclear. Vitamin E also plays some role
in the body’s ability to process glucose. Some, but not all, trials
suggest that vitamin E supplementation may eventually prove to be
helpful in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In the last ten
years, the functions of vitamin E in the cell have been further
clarified. In addition to its antioxidant functions, vitamin E is now
known to act through other mechanisms, including direct effects on
inflammation, blood cell regulation, connective tissue growth, and
genetic control of cell division. « back »
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is needed for proper bone formation and blood clotting. In
both cases, vitamin K does this by helping the body transport calcium.
Vitamin K is used by doctors when treating an overdose of the drug
warfarin. Also, doctors prescribe vitamin K to prevent excessive
bleeding in people taking warfarin but requiring surgery. There is
preliminary evidence that vitamin K2 (menadione), not vitamin K1
(phylloquinone; phytonadione), may improve a group of blood disorders
known as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). These syndromes carry a
significantly increased risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia.
Large-scale trials of vitamin K2 for MDS are needed to confirm these
promising early results. « back »
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Vitamin B1 is is a water-soluble vitamin needed to process
carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Every cell of the body requires
vitamin B1 to form the fuel the body runs on—adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). Nerve cells require vitamin B1 in order to function normally. « back »
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Vitamin B2 is a water-soluble vitamin needed to process amino acids and
fats, activate vitamin B6 and folic acid, and help convert
carbohydrates into the fuel the body runs on—adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). Under some conditions, vitamin B2 can act as an antioxidant. « back »
Niacin
The body uses the
water-soluble vitamin B3 in the process of releasing energy from
carbohydrates. It is needed to form fat from carbohydrates and to
process alcohol. The niacin form of vitamin B3 also regulates
cholesterol, though niacinamide does not. Vitamin B3 comes in two basic
forms—niacin (also called nicotinic acid) and niacinamide (also called
nicotinamide). A variation on niacin, called inositol hexaniacinate, is
also available in supplements. Since it has not been linked with any of
the usual niacin toxicity in scientific research, some doctors
recommend inositol hexaniacinate for people who need large amounts of
niacin. « back »
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is the master vitamin for processing amino acids—the
building blocks of all proteins and some hormones. Vitamin B6 helps to
make and take apart many amino acids and is also needed to make the
hormones, serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine. Vitamin B6 aids in the
formation of several neurotransmitters and is therefore an essential
nutrient in the regulation of mental processes and possibly mood. In
combination with folic acid and vitamin B12, vitamin B6 lowers
homocysteine levels—an amino acid linked to heart disease and stroke,
and possibly other diseases as well, such as osteoporosis, and
Alzheimer’s disease. A rare, but severe, form of childhood epilepsy
results from an inborn error in the metabolism of vitamin B6. Children
with this form of epilepsy have an abnormal dependence on vitamin B6
and are usually mentally retarded. Seizure activity is reversible with
intravenous injections of vitamin B6, which must be administered by a
doctor. « back »
Folate
Folic acid is a B vitamin needed for cell replication and growth. Folic
acid helps form building blocks of DNA, the body’s genetic information,
and building blocks of RNA, needed for protein synthesis in all cells.
Therefore, rapidly growing tissues, such as those of a fetus, and
rapidly regenerating cells, like red blood cells and immune cells, have
a high need for folic acid. Folic acid deficiency results in a form of
anemia that responds quickly to folic acid supplementation. Folic acid
is needed to keep homocysteine (an amino acid by-product) levels in
blood from rising. A growing body of evidence suggests that an elevated
homocysteine level is a risk factor for heart disease10 and may also be
linked to several other diseases. Folic acid and certain other B
vitamins function as cofactors for enzymes that can lower homocysteine
levels. Research has shown that supplementing with folic acid reduces
homocysteine levels. Of the B vitamins with a role in homocysteine
metabolism, folic acid appears to be the most important in lowering
homocysteine levels for the average person. A deficiency of folic acid
has also been associated with peripheral vascular disease and coronary
artery disease even in people with normal homocysteine levels,
suggesting that the vitamin may have protective effects that extend
beyond its role in maintaining normal homocysteine levels. « back »
Vitamin B12 (as Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin B12 is is a water-soluble vitamin needed for normal nerve cell
activity, DNA replication, and production of the mood-affecting
substance SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine). Vitamin B12 acts with folic
acid and vitamin B6 to control homocysteine levels. An excess of
homocysteine is associated with an increased risk of heart disease,
stroke, and potentially other diseases such as osteoporosis and
Alzheimer’s disease. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes fatigue. Years ago,
a small, double-blind trial reported that even some people who are not
deficient in this vitamin had increased energy after vitamin B12
injections, compared with the effect of placebo injections.1 In recent
years, however, the relationship between B12 injections and the energy
level of people who are not vitamin B12-deficient has been rarely
studied. In a preliminary trial, 2,500–5,000 mcg of vitamin B12, given
by injection every two to three days, led to improvement in 50–80% of a
group of people with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), with most
improvement appearing after several weeks of vitamin B12 shots.2 The
ability of vitamin B12 injections to help people with CFS remains
unproven, however. People with CFS interested in considering a trial of
vitamin B12 injections should consult a doctor. Oral or sublingual
(administered under the tongue) B12 supplements are unlikely to obtain
the same results as injectable B12, because the body’s ability to
absorb large amounts is relatively poor. « back »
Biotin
Biotin, a water-soluble B vitamin, acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of protein, fats, and carbohydrates. « back »
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin
involved in the Kreb’s cycle of energy production and is needed to make
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is also essential in producing,
transporting, and releasing energy from fats. Synthesis of cholesterol
(needed to manufacture vitamin D and steroid hormones) depends on
pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid also activates the adrenal glands.
Pantethine—a byproduct of pantothenic acid—has been reported to lower
blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. « back »
Calcium
Calcium is the most abundant, essential mineral in the human body. Of
the two to three pounds of calcium contained in the average body, 99%
is located in the bones and teeth. Calcium is needed to form bones and
teeth and is also required for blood clotting, transmission of signals
in nerve cells, and muscle contraction. The importance of calcium for
preventing osteoporosis is probably its most well-known role. Although
calcium plays at least some minor role in lowering blood pressure, the
mechanisms involved appear complex and somewhat unclear. The level of
calcium in the blood is tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH),
and low intake of calcium causes elevations in PTH, which in turn have
been implicated in the development of hypertension. By reducing
absorption of oxalate, a substance found in many foods, calcium may be
able to indirectly reduce the risk of kidney stones. Calcium also
appears to partially bind some fats and cholesterol in the
gastrointestinal tract. Perhaps as a result, some research suggests
that calcium supplementation may help lower cholesterol levels. Through
a variety of mechanisms, calcium may have anticancer actions within the
colon. Most preliminary studies have shown high calcium diets are
associated with reduced colon cancer risk. Most, but not all,
preliminary studies have found taking calcium supplements to also be
associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer or precancerous
conditions in the colon. One preliminary study reported that high
dietary, but not supplemental, calcium intake was associated with a
decreased risk of precancerous changes in the colon. In double-blind
studies, calcium supplementation has significantly protected against
precancerous changes in the colon in some, but not all, studies. « back »
Iron
Iron is an essential mineral. It is part of hemoglobin, the
oxygen-carrying component of the blood. Iron-deficient people tire
easily in part because their bodies are starved for oxygen. Iron is
also part of myoglobin, which helps muscle cells store oxygen. Without
enough iron, adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the fuel the body runs on)
cannot be properly synthesized. As a result, some iron-deficient people
become fatigued even when their hemoglobin levels are normal (i.e.,
when they are not anemic). Although iron is part of the antioxidant
enzyme catalase, iron is not generally considered an antioxidant,
because too much iron can cause oxidative damage. « back »
Phosphorous
Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is usually found in nature
combined with oxygen as phosphate. Most of the phosphate in the human
body is in bone, but phosphate-containing molecules (phospholipids) are
also important components of cell membranes and lipoprotein particles,
such as HDL and LDL (“good” and “bad” cholesterols, respectively).
Small amounts of phosphate play important roles in numerous biochemical
reactions throughout the body. The role of phosphate-containing
molecules in aerobic exercise reactions has suggested that phosphate
loading might enhance athletic performance, though controlled research
has produced inconsistent results. « back »
Iodine
Iodine is a trace mineral needed to make thyroid hormones, which are
necessary for maintaining normal metabolism in all cells of the body.
Reports suggest that iodine may have a number of other important
functions in the body unrelated to thyroid function that might help
people with a wide variety of conditions.1 These other uses for iodine
are only supported by minimal research. « back »
Magnesium
Magnesium is an essential mineral to the human body. It is needed for
bone, protein, and fatty acid formation, making new cells, activating B
vitamins, relaxing muscles, clotting blood, and forming adenosine
triphosphate (ATP; the energy the body runs on). The secretion and
action of insulin also require magnesium. Magnesium also acts in a way
related to calcium channel blocker drugs. This effect may be
responsible for the fact that under certain circumstances magnesium has
been found to potentially improve vision in people with glaucoma.
Similarly, this action might account for magnesium’s ability to lower
blood pressure. « back »
Zinc
Zinc is an essential mineral that is a component of more than 300
enzymes needed to repair wounds, maintain fertility in adults and
growth in children, synthesize protein, help cells reproduce, preserve
vision, boost immunity, and protect against free radicals, among other
functions. « back »
Selenium
Selenium is an essential trace mineral. Selenium activates an
antioxidant enzyme called glutathione peroxidase, which may help
protect the body from cancer. Yeast-derived forms of selenium have
induced “apoptosis” (programmed cell death) in cancer cells in test
tubes and in animals. A double-blind trial that included over 1,300
people found those given 200 mcg of yeast-based selenium per day for
4.5 years had a 50% drop in the cancer death rate compared with the
placebo group. In that same study, however, selenium supplementation
was associated with a significant increase in the risk of developing
one type of skin cancer (squamous cell carcinoma).Another study found
that men consuming the most dietary selenium (assessed indirectly by
measuring toenail selenium levels) developed 65% fewer cases of
advanced prostate cancer than did men with the lowest levels of
selenium intake. Selenium is also essential for healthy immune
functioning. Selenium supplementation has reduced the incidence of
viral hepatitis in selenium-deficient populations, presumably by
enhancing immune function. Even in a non-deficient population of
elderly people, selenium supplementation has been found to stimulate
the activity of white blood cells—primary components of the immune
system.8 Selenium is also needed to activate thyroid hormones.In a
placebo-controlled study, supplementation with 200 mcg per day of
selenium for three months reduced anti-thyroid antibody levels
(indicating a reduction in disease activity) in people with autoimmune
thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland). In a double-blind
trial, selenium supplementation of infertile men improved the motility
of sperm cells and increased the chance of conception. « back »
Copper
Copper is an essential trace element present in the diet and in the
human body. It is needed to absorb and utilize iron. It is also part of
the antioxidantenzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD). Copper is needed to
make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy the body runs on.
Synthesis of some hormones requires copper, as does the synthesis of
collagen (the "glue" that holds connective tissue together). In
addition, the enzyme, tyrosinase, which plays a role in the production
of skin pigment, requires copper to function. Copper supplementation
has been shown to increase SOD levels in humans. « back »
Manganese
Manganese is an essential trace mineral needed for healthy skin, bone,
and cartilage formation, as well as glucose tolerance. It also helps
activate superoxide dismutase (SOD)—an important antioxidant enzyme. « back »
Chromium
Chromium is an essential trace mineral that helps the body maintain
normal blood sugar levels. In addition to its well-studied effects in
diabetes, preliminary research has found that chromium supplementation
also improves glucose tolerance in people with Turner’s syndrome—a
disease linked with glucose intolerance. Chromium may also play a role
in increasing HDL ("good") cholesterol,while lowering total cholesterol
levels. Chromium, in a form called chromium picolinate, has been
studied for its potential role in altering body composition.
Preliminary research in animals and humans suggested that chromium
picolinate increases fat loss and promotes a gain in lean muscle
tissue. Double-blind research has also reported a reduction in body fat
and body weight in people given 400 mcg of chromium (as chromium
picolinate) per day for three months. However, other studies have
failed to show a significant effect of chromium picolinate on body
composition. « back »
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is an essential trace mineral needed for the proper function
of certain enzyme-dependent processes, including the metabolism of
iron. Preliminary evidence indicates that molybdenum, through its
involvement in detoxifying sulfites, might reduce the risk of
sulfite-reactive asthma attacks. However, a physician should be
involved in the evaluation and treatment of sulfite sensitivity. « back »
Potassium Chloride (as Potassium Chloride and Potassium Iodide)
Potassium is an essential mineral needed to regulate water
balance, levels of acidity, blood pressure, and neuromuscular function.
This mineral also plays a critical role in the transmission of
electrical impulses in the heart. People with low blood levels of
potassium who are undergoing heart surgery are at an increased risk of
developing heart arrhythmias and an increased need for cardiopulmonary
resuscitation.1 Potassium is also required for carbohydrate and protein
metabolism. « back »
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*Daily Value and/or Recommended Daily Intake not established.
Other Ingredients May Contain: Calcium Carbonate, Dibasic
Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic Calcium Phosphate, Microcrystalline
Cellulose, Fructose, Dextrose, Sucrose, Maltodextrin, Croscarmellose
Sodium, Stearic Acid, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide, Sodium
Starch Glycolate, Modified Cellulose, Citric Acid, Xylitol, Sucralose,
Natural & Artificial Flavors, Acacia Gum, Shellac, Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate, Sorbitol, Gelatin, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose,
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Ethylcellulose, Pharmaceutical
Glaze, Food Glaze, Starch, Talc, Titanium Dioxide, Vegetable Oil,
FD&C Red 40, FD&C Red Lake, FD&C Blue 40, FD&C Blue
Lake, FD&C Yellow 40, FD&C Yellow Lake, Water.
Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, adult women
take one tablet daily, preferably with food and water, or as directed
by a physician and/or qualified health care practitioner. Accidental
overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal
poisoning in children. In case of accidental overdose, call a doctor or
poison control center immediately. Long-term intake of high levels of
vitamin A (excluding that sourced from beta carotene) may increase the
risk of osteoporosis in menopausal women. Not a low calorie food.
Caution: If you are pregnant, nursing, or currently
taking any medication, consult with a physician prior to use. Do not
exceed suggested use.
Storage: Store this product in a cool dry place below 30°C (86°F). Keep out of reach of children.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food & Drug
Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure
or prevent any disease. The format of this label copy is based on rules
passed by the United States Food & Drug Administration under the
Dietary Supplement Health & Education Act of 1994. Refer to 21 CFR
101.
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